
Journal description
PSU Research Review is an international peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal publishing research on all areas of business, law, engineering and education with a particular focus on collaboration between researchers and practitioners. PRR is published open access in association with Prince Sultan University.

Prince Sultan University Research Review: An International Journal is targeted at academics and practitioners in both public and private sector organizations. The journal promotes the exchange of knowledge, experience and new ideas between researchers and practitioners and encourages a multi-disciplinary approach.
PRR publishes 3 issues per annum.
Issues covered by PSU Research Review: An International Journal include, but are not limited to:
• Business (accounting, finance, marketing, management)
• Computer Science
• Engineering
• Education
• Humanities (language and translation)
• Law
Key journal audiences
• Policymakers
• Managers
• Practitioners
• Consultants
• Researchers
• Government and public sector institutions
• Faculties in Higher Education Institutions
• Students in Higher Education Institutions
Open access
All articles published in PRR are published Open Access under a CCBY 4.0 licence.
PRR is published by Emerald Publishing on behalf of Prince Sultan University. PRR is owned by Prince Sultan University. PRR is published under a platinum OA arrangement, in that all charges for publishing an OA article in PRR are funded by Prince Sultan University. There is no charge to the author.
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Editor-in-Chief
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Founding Editor
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Publisher
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Doug
Medland
[email protected]
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Doug
Medland
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Honorary Consulting Editors
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Emeritus Distinguished Professor
Jean J.
Boddewyn
Baruch College, City University of New York, USA
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Shiao-Shing
Chen
Office of International Affairs, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
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Professor
Munther
Dahleh
Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA
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Distinguished Professor
James
Guthrie
Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Australia
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Professor
Graham
Kendall
University of Nottingham - UK
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Professor
S.P.
Kothari
MIT Sloan SSchool of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA
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Professor
V. Lynn
Meek
L H Martin Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Professor
Frederic S.
Mishkin
Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, USA
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Professor
Lee D.
Parker
School of Accounting, RMIT University - Australia
[email protected] -
Professor
Philip
Powell
Pro Vice-Master (Enterprise and Innovation), Birkbeck, University of London, UKBirkbeck, University of London - UK
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Professor
Gary John
Previts
WeatherHead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Professor
Fernando
Reimers
Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, USA
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Professor
Eugene
Rogan
St Antony's College Middle East Centre, University of Oxford, UK
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Professor
Frank E.
Vogel
Harvard Law School, Harvard University, USA
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Emeritus Distinguished Professor
Jean J.
Boddewyn
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Senior Associate Editor
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Associate Professor Dr
Ayoib Che
Ahmad
School of Accountancy (SOA), College of Business (COB), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM),Malaysia - Malaysia
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Nadia
Albu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies - Romania
[email protected] -
Professor
Faris
Ali
Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, UK
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Professor
Michael
Alles
Rutgers Business School, Rutgers University, USA
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Associate Professor
Husam
Alwaer
School of Social Sciences (Architecture + Urban Planning), University of Dundee, UK
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Professor
Mads
Andenas
Department of Private Law, University of Oslo, Norway - UK
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Professor
Hamid R.
Arabnia
Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, USA
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Debes
Bhattacharyya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand - New Zealand
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Professor
Ervin L.
Black
Chair, John T. Steed School of Accounting, The University of Oklahoma, USA
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Emeritus Distinguished Professor
Josef C.
Brada
Department of Economics, Arizona State University, USA
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Professor
Janina
Brutt-Griffler
Department of Educational Leadership and Policy, The State University of New York, USA
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Professor
Maria-Dolores
Cano
Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
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Liu Hong
Chair
School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
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Professor
Han-Chieh
Chao
Chair, National Ilan University (NIU), Taiwan
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Professor
James
Connelly
School of Law and Politics, University of Hull, UK - UK
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Professor
Louis
De Koker
La Trobe Law School, La Trobe University, Australia
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Dr
Theresa
Dunne
Director of Doctoral Studies, University of Dundee, UK - UK
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Professor
Eva
Egron-Polak
Former Executive Director & Secretary General, International Association of Universities (IAU), France
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Professor
Ernesto
Exposito
Executive Director & Secretary General, International Association of Universities (IAU), France
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Dr.
Federica
Farneti
University of Bologna, Italy
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Professor
Luciano
Feo
Department of Civil Engineering, Università degli Studi di Salerno - Italy
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Anne
Fortin
Chair, Department of Accounting, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Distinguished Professor
Susan
Gass
Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages, Michigan State University, USA
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Professor
Jennifer J.
Griffin
School of Business, The George Washington University, USA
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Professor
In-Mu
Haw
The Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, USA
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Professor
David
Hay
Auckland Business School, The University of Auckland, New Zealand - New Zealand
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Professor
Nigel
Healey
Vice-Chancellor, Fiji National University, Fiji
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Prof. Dr.
Khaled
Hussainey
Portsmouth Business School, Portsmouth University - UK
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Professor
Ahmet Can
Inci
Finance Department, Bryant University, USA
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Professor
Zahir
Irani
University of Bradford - UK
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Professor
Eva
Jermakowicz
College of Business, Tennessee State University, USA
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David Lee
Keiser
Secondary and Special Education, Montclair State University, USA
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Professor
Laoucine
Kerbache
Dean of Department of Informations Systems and Operations Management, HEC Paris, Qatar
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Professor
Ian
Kinchin
Department of Higher Education, University of Surrey, UK
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Professor
Venkatesh
Kodur
Chairperson in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, USA
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Professor
Hiroyuki
Kurimoto
Board Chairman, Nagoya University of Commerce & Business (NUCB), Japan
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Professor
Maggie
Liu
The School of Business and Hospitality Management, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong
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Associate Professor
Mansoor
Maitah
Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
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Professor
Michael R.
Melton
Director, Center for Advanced Financial Education, Roger Williams University, USA
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Professor
Hemant
Merchant
College of Business, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, USA
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James S.
Moy
Dean, College of The Arts, University of South Florida, USA
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Professor
Kaoru
Natsuda
College of International Management, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan
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Dr.
Simon
Norton
Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK
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Professor
Daniel
O'Leary
USC Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, USA
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Michèle
Olivier
Hull University Business School, University of Hull, UK
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Dr.
Zorica Crnjak
Orel
Scientific Counselor, The National Institute of Chemistry (NIC), Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Carlos E.
Orozco
Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) - USA
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Professor
Carlos
Reimers
School of Architecture & Planning, The Catholic University of America, USA
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Professor
Ali
Selamat
Director of ICT & Chief Information Officer, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
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Professor
Antonella
Sorace
School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Professor
Katariina
Stenberg
Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Professor
Barney
Warf
Department of Geography, University of Kansas, USA
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Professor
Simon N. M.
Young
The Department of Professional Legal Education, The University of Hong Kong, Parkside Chambers
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Professor
Mohamed
Younis
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA
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Dr
Sherali
Zeadally
University of Kentucky - USA
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Professor
Fernand
de Varennes
Dean, Faculty of Law, Université de Moncton, Canada
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Professor
Kıymet Tunca
Çalıyurt
Department of Economics & Administrative Sciences, Trakya University, Turkey
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Associate Professor Dr
Ayoib Che
Ahmad
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Associate Editor
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Dr.
Abdelhakim
Abdelhadi
College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Muhammad
Asif
College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Mohammad A.
El Affendi
Director MSE program, College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Ahmed Sameh
El- Sayed
College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Anis
Kouba
College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Norshidah
Mohamed
College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Tanzila
Saba
College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Abdelhakim
Abdelhadi
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Book Review Editor
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Managing Editor
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Hamid
Ahtesham
[email protected] -
Bryan Christopher
Morales
[email protected] -
Abdulrahman
Yassin
[email protected]
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Hamid
Ahtesham
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Marketing Director
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Dr.
Yazeed
Alfakhri
[email protected]
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Dr.
Yazeed
Alfakhri
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Executive Board
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Dr.
Jamil
Ahmad
Vice Chancellor, Abasyn University, Pakistan
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Professor
Saad
Al-Rwaita
Vice-Rector, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Mohamed
Aljebreen
Deputy Vice-Rector, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Nehmé
Azoury
Dean, Faculty of Business, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
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Professor
Tian
BELAWATI
Former Rector, Universitas Terbuka - Indonesia
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Professor
Charles Richard
Baker
Department of Accounting & Law, Adelphi University, USA
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Dr.
Kazimierz
Bilanow
Managing, Director, IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence, Belgium & Poland
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Ms.
Ola
Doudin
Cofounder & CEO BitOasis, UAE
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Dr.
Abdelhafeez M.
Feda
Vice-Rector, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Blake
Goud
CEO, RFI Foundation, USA
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Professor
M. Kabir
Hassan
Department of Economics & Finance, University of New Orleans, USA
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Chief Justice Dr.
Michael
Hwang S.C.
Chief Justice (DIFC), Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Courts, UAE
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Noor Azizi
Ismail
Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia
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Michael
Izza
Chief Executive (ICAEW), The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), UK
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Professor
Neal
Juster
Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Glasgow, UK
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Professor
Datuk Rifaat Ahmed Abdel
Karim
Former CEO, International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation (IILM), Malaysia
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Professor
Arun
Kumar G
Department of Mangement Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India
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M.
Ali
Kutan
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville - USA
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Dr.
Timothy
Mescon
Executive Vice President & Chief Officer, EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, and Africa), AACSB International, Netherlands
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Nadir A.
Mohammed
Country Director of the GCC, Middle East and North Africa, World Bank, USA
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Dr.
Eva-Maria
Nag
The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Durham University, UK
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Mr.
Ashar M.
Nazim
Partner, Ernst & Young, Bahrain
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Professor
Angina
Parekh
Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mr.
Filippo
Poli
Research Director, European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), Belgium
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Professor
Shahrokh M.
Saudagaran
Dean, Milgard School of Business, University of Washington Tacoma, USA
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Professor
Steve G.
Sutton
PhD Director, University of Central Florida, USA
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Honorary Professor
Gail
Taylor
Director of International Textile Archives Department, Donghua University, China
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Jeffrey C.
Thomson
President, IMA (Institute of Management Accountants), USA
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Sheetal M.
Walsh
Founder and President, Shanti Life, UK
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Professor
Hugh
Wilmott
CASS Business School, City University London, UK
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Professor
Jürgen
von Hagen
Director, Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik, University of Bonn, Germany
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Dr.
Jamil
Ahmad
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Editorial Advisory Board
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Professor
Afifi
Al-Akit
Faculty of Theology and Religion, Worcester College, University of Oxford, UK
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Dr.
Abdullah Saghaier
Al-Hussaini
Dean, Deanship of Student Affairs, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Ibrahim M.
Al-Jabri
College of Industrial Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Sayel Saleem Ahmed
Al-Ramadan
Department of Accounting, University of Bahrain
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Professor
Wael Ebraheem
Al-Rashed
Department of Accounting, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Dr.
Abdelhakim
AlMajid
Dean, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Ibrahim
Alhudaithy
College of Law, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Mohamed
Alkanhal
Dean, College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Saad
Almosa
Dean, CCollege of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Khaled
Almustafa
Director - RIC, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dr.
Muslim
Amin
Department of Management, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Muhammad Usman
Awan
Institute of Quality & Technology Management, University of Punjab, Pakistan - Pakistan
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Dr.
Zubair
Baig
School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Australia
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Dr.
Maria
Balatbat
UNSW Business School, UNSW Australia
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Dr.
Nadeem Ahmad
Bashir
Department of Management, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Iraj
Bashiri
College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, USA
-
Professor
Qixin
Cao
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Professor
Santiago
Carbo-Valverde
Bangor University - UK
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Professor
Keith
Case
he Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, UK
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Professor
Eduardo
Cerqueira
Computer Science Department, Network Research Lab at UCLA/USA and Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra (CISUC)/Portugal
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Professor
Nihel
Chabrak
Professor of Accounting, College of Business and Economics, Department of Accounting, United Arap Emirates University, UAE - United Arab Emirates
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Emna
Chickhaoui
Vice Dean, College of Law, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Natalie Tatiana
Churyk
NIU College of Business, Northern Illinois University, USA
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Anita
Ciunova-Shuleska
Department of Marketing, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Macedonia
-
Esperanza
De La Vega
Coordinator of Bilingual Teacher Pathway Program, Portland State University, USA
-
Dr.
Abdelmohsen M.
Desoky
College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
-
Professor
Kevin
Downing
Director of the Institutional Research Office (IRO), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Associate Professor
John
Dumay
Macquarie University - Australia
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Dr.
Michel
Ehrenhard
Business Administration, University of Twente, Netherlands
-
Dr.
Ahmed
El-Masry
Plymouth Business School, Plymouth University, UK
-
Professor
Valerie C.
Epps
Department of Law, Suffolk University, USA
-
Ilenia
Farina
University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy
-
Professor
M. Nauman
Farooqi
Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mount Allison University, Canada
-
Professor
Aracéli Cristina de S.
Ferreira
Department of Accounting, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
-
Professor
Graham
Gal
ISENBERG School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
-
Professor
Michelle
Gallant
Associate Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Manitoba - Canada
-
Simon S.
Gao
The Business School, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
-
Dr.
Fariza
Hashim
Vice Dean, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
-
Professor
Zahirul
Hoque
Department of Accounting and Data Analytics, La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Australia
-
Professor
Helen
Irving
Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, Australia
-
Professor
Dima
Jamali
Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut, Lebanon - Lebanon
-
Professor
Reva
Joshee
Chair of the Department of Theory and Policy Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada
-
Monzer
Kahf
Yarmouk University - Jordan
-
Professor
Rania
Kamla
Department of Accounting, Heriot-Watt University - UK
-
Susan L.
Karamanian
Provost and Chief Academic Officer, The George Washington University, USA
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Associate Professor
Marimuthu
Karuppiah
School of Computing Science and Engineering(SCOPE), VIT University, India
-
Associate Professor
Rihab
Khalifa
Department of Accounting, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE - United Arab Emirates
-
Professor
Hamid M.
Khan
Deputy Director, The Rule of Law Collaborative, University of South Carolina, USA
-
Professor
Mozzafar
Khan
Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, USA
-
Professor
Merouane
Lakehal-Ayat
Department of Finance, St. John Fisher College, USA
-
Peter
Lanjouw
School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
-
Professor
Carlos
Larrinaga
University of Burgos - Spain
-
Professor
Fawzi
Laswad
School of Accountancy, Massey University, New Zealand - New Zealand
-
Professor
Raef
Lawson
Vice President, IMA (Institute of Management Accountants), USA
-
Dr.
Zorica Bozhinovska
Lazarevska
Department of Economics, Ss.Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia
-
Dr.
Catherine
MacKenzie
Homerton College, University of Cambridge, UK
-
Professor
Hugo A.
Macias
Department of Accounting, Universidad de Medellín, Colombia
-
Professor
Habib
Mahama
Department of Accounting, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE - United Arab Emirates
-
Professor
Beverly Dawn
Metcalfe
Suliman S. Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
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Dr.
Alia
Mitchel
Vice Dean, College of Humanities, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
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Professor
Daniel
Mossé
School of Computing & Information, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Dr.
Rekha
Nicholson
trategic and International Management, University of the West of England (UWE Bristol), UK
-
Catherine
Nickerson
College of Business, Zayed Universit, UAE
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Professor
Collins
Ntim
University of Southampton - UK
[email protected] -
Professor
Chris
Patel
Department of Accounting and Corporate Governance, Macquarie University, Australia
-
Dr.
Rosa
Penna
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
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Dr.
Brian
Prasad
Technical Director, Knowledge Solution, USA
-
Hani Abu
Qdais
Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
-
Martin
Quinn
School of Business, University of Leicester
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Associate Professor
Abu Shiraz
Rahaman
Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Canada - Canada
-
Dr.
Mohd Shafry Mohd
Rahim
Director, UTMSpace College, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
-
Professor
Asheq
Rahman
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
-
Professor
Paul
Rouse
Department of Accountancy, The University of Auckland - New Zealand
-
Professor
Michael Hunter
Schwartz
Hastings College of the Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA
-
Professor
Yusuf
Sidani
Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut - Lebanon
-
Professor
Konstantinos
Syriopoulos
College of Business, Zayed University, UAE
-
Professor
Eric
Tagliacozzo
Department of History, Cornell University, USA
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Associate Professor
David
Tuček
Dean, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
-
Professor
Luis Eduard
Velázquez Contreras
Engineering College of the University of Sonora, University of Sonora (UNISON), Mexico
-
Professor
Lubov
Vladyková
Head of Department, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
-
Professor
Wan Khairuzzaman
Wan Ismail
Dean, International Business School (IBS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
-
Mr.
Stephen
Warrington
Director of Teaching, and Deputy Head of School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
-
Nor'aini
Yusof
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia
-
Dr.
Ambika
Zutshi
Ambika Zutshi
-
Professor
Vassili Joannides
de Lautour
Manchester Business School, Grenoble École de Management, France
-
Professor
Andrea Klimková Pavol Jozef
Šafárik
Department of Applied Ethics, University in Košice, Slovakia
-
Professor
Afifi
Al-Akit
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Journal Editorial Office (For queries related to pre-acceptance)
-
Ashish Ashok
Jayaswal
Emerald Publishing
[email protected]
-
Ashish Ashok
Jayaswal
-
Supplier Project Manager (For queries related to post-acceptance)
-
Aaditya
Vichare
Emerald Publishing
[email protected]
-
Aaditya
Vichare
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